Data protection and circulation under EU delicate data legislation
He Runtao
People′s Public Security University of China
Abstract： In recent years, the legislative focus of the EU data field has produced a value shift in a certain way, and EU law, as an important part of the civil law system, is in line with China′s legal system. The study of the spirit of the rule of law and the value orientation demonstrated by the EU data legislation process has certain referencing significance for China′s data governance. Based on the EU charters, conventions, treaties, strategies, laws and bills on data governance as the analysis text, this paper conducts a dual dimensional study featuring synchronicity and diachrony of the EU series of normative texts to clarify their legislative philosophy and path choices. During the research process, it is found that the European Union has a cognitive shift from traditional personality right to property right regarding the concept of data right, which arises from the inclusion of data as a new type of production factor from legal perspective，which has led to the EU legislative evolution trend from traditional data protection to data flow and empowerment. Besides,three inspirations concerning data governance in China have been concluded, which are the systematization of the construction of data strategy , the diversification of interests of the creation of data right and the typification of the design of data circulation models.
Key words : personal data protection; data value circulation; General Data Protection Regulation; Data Act
引言
歐盟立法思路往往折射出本體主義思想［1］，以基本人權(quán)保護(hù)作為立法的基本價(jià)值取向。近年來，被稱為“史上最嚴(yán)”的《通用數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條例》的出臺(tái)反映出大數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)代歐盟將數(shù)據(jù)人格化的立場(chǎng)表達(dá)。《通用數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)條例》落地一周年之際，美國(guó)信息技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新基金會(huì)發(fā)布報(bào)告《What the Evidence Shows About the Impact of the GDPR After One Year》［2］表明其并未達(dá)到理論立法階段的許多預(yù)期目標(biāo)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)歐洲數(shù)據(jù)單一市場(chǎng)這一宏觀目標(biāo)，歐盟于2020年提出了“歐盟數(shù)據(jù)戰(zhàn)略”主張，這一主張標(biāo)志著歐盟對(duì)待個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)和非個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)的價(jià)值轉(zhuǎn)向。歐盟當(dāng)局對(duì)待數(shù)據(jù)的態(tài)度趨于理性，認(rèn)識(shí)到海量數(shù)據(jù)背后蘊(yùn)含著巨大價(jià)值與潛能，進(jìn)而將立法著眼點(diǎn)從數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)轉(zhuǎn)向了數(shù)據(jù)流通。1問題的提出隨著信息通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，人類活動(dòng)空間從物理空間向虛擬空間不斷拓展。一方面，數(shù)據(jù)是人類利用信息通信技術(shù)進(jìn)行社會(huì)交往活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物、記錄與媒介，其能夠反映社會(huì)人的個(gè)人信息與社會(huì)信息，故其本身具有隱私或個(gè)人信息的色彩。另一方面，數(shù)據(jù)由于需要通過必要的勞動(dòng)才得以被創(chuàng)造，故其本身具有財(cái)產(chǎn)的特性［3］。
