卫星互联网发展趋势及网络安全治理研究综述
网络安全与数据治理
白江,赵高华,贾朔维,王普
中国网络空间研究院
摘要: 卫星互联网技术正从传统通信技术演变为支撑全球战略竞争的关键基础设施和核心技术力量,但同时也面临着“卫星—地面—终端—云平台”全链路的安全威胁,亟需站在国家安全的角度构建更加完善的网络安全治理体系。系统梳理了低轨星座主导、6G与AI融合、手机直连卫星等卫星互联网发展趋势,剖析了多维度安全威胁、网络主权冲击、数据跨境传输及国际规则滞后等风险挑战。通过比较美国国家安全驱动、欧盟数字主权规则、中国兼顾发展和安全及俄英印日等国家的差异化实践,总结卫星互联网网络安全治理的经验做法。面向全球卫星互联网建设的共同挑战,提出构建多边协同的国际规则体系、强化全链条安全与供应链韧性、推动全球卫星互联网基础设施普惠化建设等发展建议。
中圖分類號:TP309;G203文獻標志碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2026.06.005中文引用格式:白江,趙高華,賈朔維,等.衛星互聯網發展趨勢及網絡安全治理研究綜述[J].網絡安全與數據治理,2026,45(6):31-39.
英文引用格式:Bai Jiang,Zhao Gaohua,Jia Shuowei,et al.A review of development trends and cybersecurity governance of satellite internet[J].Cyber Security and Data Governance,2026,45(6):31-39.
英文引用格式:Bai Jiang,Zhao Gaohua,Jia Shuowei,et al.A review of development trends and cybersecurity governance of satellite internet[J].Cyber Security and Data Governance,2026,45(6):31-39.
A review of development trends and cybersecurity governance of satellite internet
Bai Jiang,Zhao Gaohua,Jia Shuowei,Wang Pu
Chinese Academy of Cyberspace Studies
Abstract: Satellite internet technology is evolving from a communications technology into a critical infrastructure and a core technological force in global strategic competition.However,it faces security threats across the entire chain—from satellites and ground systems to user terminals and cloud platforms.This underscores the urgent need to establish a more comprehensive cybersecurity governance framework from the perspective of national security.This paper systematically reviews major development trends in satellite internet,including the dominance of low Earth orbit (LEO) constellations,the integration of 6G and artificial intelligence (AI),and directtodevice (D2D) satellite communications.It further analyzes main risks such as multidimensional security threats,impacts on cyber sovereignty,crossborder data transmission risks,and the lag of international regulatory frameworks.Through a comparative study of governance practices in the United States,the European Union,China,Russia,the United Kingdom,India,and Japan,the paper summarizes the major experiences and approaches in satellite internet cybersecurity governance.In response to the shared challenges of global satellite internet development,the paper proposes several policy recommendations,including establishing a multilateral and coordinated international regulatory framework,strengthening fullchain security and supply chain resilience,and promoting inclusive global satellite internet infrastructure development.
Key words : satellite internet; cybersecurity; satellite internet security; direct-to-device satellite communication (D2D)
引言
衛星互聯網技術正從傳統通信技術,演變為支撐全球戰略競爭的關鍵基礎設施和核心技術力量。通過大規模低軌(Low Earth Orbit,LEO)衛星組網,衛星互聯網不僅為偏遠地區和地面網絡盲區提供了前所未有的連接可能,更在全球科技競爭、國家安全和數字主權博弈中占據核心位置。美國Starlink、歐洲IRIS2(Infrastructure for Resilience,Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite)計劃、中國星網星座等戰略級項目的推進,標志著各國已將其視為未來數字基礎設施和戰略競爭能力的重要組成部分。
然而,衛星互聯網的開放架構和全球覆蓋特性也使其面臨嚴峻的安全挑戰。從信號干擾、鏈路劫持到網絡入侵和物理破壞,安全威脅貫穿“衛星—地面站—終端—云平臺”全鏈路,特別是手機直連衛星的快速發展,給各國網絡空間管理帶來了新的挑戰。這一現實促使各國的治理重心從“如何促進產業發展”轉向“如何管控安全風險”。未來,為保障衛星互聯網的可持續發展,需要繼續構建系統性的治理方案,防范應對日益復雜的網絡安全挑戰。這不僅是單一技術或市場問題,更是全球網絡空間治理的共同命題。
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作者信息:
白江,趙高華,賈朔維,王普
(中國網絡空間研究院,北京100048)

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