论人工智能民事主体资格之否定
网络安全与数据治理
陈思敏,蔡唱
海南大学法学院
摘要: 人工智能的民事主体资格是人工智能发展过程中亟需解决的重要问题。首先,承认人工智能民事主体资格有破坏人类中心地位的倾向,违背民事主体制度所蕴含的人文精神。为人类服务的人工智能不具有独立意志,无法取得与民事主体同等的法律地位,不符合平等理念的要求。其次,人工智能具有可复制性,缺乏个体差异性,无法以自己名义从事民事活动。人工智能受到人类的控制和决定,不具备独立自主性,不享有独立财产,无法独立对外承担民事责任,不满足民事主体的各个构成要件。最后,人工智能仅具有技术层面的理性,区别于人类理性,缺乏民事预设主体的理性基础。
中圖分類號:D923文獻標識碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.09.012
引用格式:陳思敏,蔡唱.論人工智能民事主體資格之否定[J].網絡安全與數據治理,2024,43(9):71-76,83.
引用格式:陳思敏,蔡唱.論人工智能民事主體資格之否定[J].網絡安全與數據治理,2024,43(9):71-76,83.
The discussion on the denial of civil subject qualification of artificial intelligence
Chen Simin,Cai Chang
Law School, Hainan University
Abstract: The civil subject qualification of artificial intelligence is an important problem to be solved urgently in the development of artificial intelligence. First of all, recognizing the qualification of artificial intelligence as a civil subject undermines the central position of human beings, and violates the humanistic spirit contained in the civil subject system. Artificial intelligence for human beings doesn′t have independent will, can′t achieve the same status as a civil subject, and doesn′t meet the requirements of the concept of equality. Secondly, artificial intelligence is reproducible and lacks individual differences, so it can′t engage in civil activities in its own name. Artificial intelligence is controlled and decided by human beings. It doesn′t have independence and independent property, and can′t bear civil liability independently. In all, Artificial intelligence doesn′t meet the elements of civil subjects. Finally, artificial intelligence only has technical rationality, which is different from human rationality. So it lacks the rational basis of civil presupposition subject.
Key words : artificial intelligence; civil subject qualification; humanistic spirit; equality and rationality; independent
引言
現代科技的發展帶動著人工智能呈現出對人類的“超模擬”,促使其智能化程度越來越高。人工智能不僅給人類生產生活帶來諸多便利,也引發了一系列的法律問題,譬如人工智能的民事主體資格問題、人工智能侵權的責任承擔問題、人工智能生成物的定性和歸屬問題。人工智能的民事主體資格問題是諸多問題中最基本和最重要的問題,人工智能的主體(或客體)定位影響著侵權責任的分配和承擔,關系著人工智能生成物的保護與否問題。
學界針對人工智能的民事主體資格出現了爭論,肯定說認為應當賦予人工智能民事主體資格,將其擬制為“電子法人” “電子人”或“代理人”等。否定說認為人工智能是人類發明創造出來的技術工具,屬于民事客體,不可賦予其民事主體資格。折中說則主張不賦予人工智能完整的民事主體資格,而是承認人工智能的有限主體資格,僅享有有限的權利,承擔有限的義務和責任,同時也否認智能化程度較低的人工智能的民事主體資格。
為迎接人工智能技術發展帶來的各種挑戰和風險,應依據民事主體制度蘊含的人文精神和平等理念判斷人工智能的民法地位,從民事主體的構成要件逐一考察人工智能是否符合條件,從民事主體的理性基礎分析人工智能是否具備人類理性,并慎重考慮人工智能的民事主體資格問題,不可簡單隨意地承認或者否定人工智能的主體資格。
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作者信息:
陳思敏,蔡唱
(海南大學法學院,海南海口570228)

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