数字经济下平台数据垄断合规的理据与路径
网络安全与数据治理
陈镜霖
西南民族大学法学院
摘要: 数据要素的非竞争性、非排他性因平台垄断意图逐渐异化,并诱发算法共谋、大数据杀熟、平台扼杀式并购等反竞争行为。基于维护数据市场交易秩序的现实需要、竞争倡导理论的法理支撑以及域外数据合规监管的经验参考,平台数据垄断合规具有适用的可行性与必要性。然而,平台数据垄断合规往往因顶层规范缺失、规则模糊以及监管机制弱化等无法实现预期效果。对此,应细化“数据反垄断合规指南”的设计逻辑指引合规,区分不同类型数据权属以明确数据流通规则,依据数据流通的不同环节形塑数据竞争合规评价标准,衔接事前监管与事后监管理念促进监管理念革新,并依托人工智能算法技术赋能监管方式转型。
中圖分類號:D922.294;D922.1文獻標識碼:ADOI:10.19358/j.issn.2097-1788.2024.07.010
引用格式:陳鏡霖.數字經濟下平臺數據壟斷合規的理據與路徑[J].網絡安全與數據治理,2024,43(7):61-68.
引用格式:陳鏡霖.數字經濟下平臺數據壟斷合規的理據與路徑[J].網絡安全與數據治理,2024,43(7):61-68.
The rationale and path of platform data monopoly compliance under the digital economy
Chen Jinglin
Law School, Southwest Minzu University
Abstract: The noncompetitive and non-exclusive nature of data elements is gradually alienated by the platform′s monopoly intention, and induces anti-competitive behaviours such as algorithmic conspiracy, big data kills maturity, and platform strangulation mergers and acquisitions. Based on the practical need to maintain the order of data market transactions, the jurisprudential support of competition advocacy theory, and the empirical reference of extraterritorial data compliance regulation, the platform data monopoly compliance has the feasibility and necessity of application. However, data monopoly compliance often fails to achieve the expected results due to the lack of top-level norms, vague rules and weak regulatory mechanisms. In this regard, the design logic of the Data Antitrust Compliance Guidelines should be refined to guide compliance, differentiate the ownership of different types of data in order to clarify the rules of data circulation, shape the evaluation criteria of data competition compliance based on different aspects of data circulation, connect the concepts of ex ante and ex post regulation to promote the innovation of regulatory concepts, and rely on the algorithmic technology of AI to empower the transformation of regulatory methods.
Key words : digital economy; platform data; monopoly compliance; data circulation; data ownership
引言
數字經濟時代,數據已成為全球競爭的關鍵要素。《數字中國發展報告(2022)》顯示,2022年我國數字經濟規模已超過50萬億元,數字經濟占GDP比重達41.5%,位居世界第二位。可見,數據已經具備與其他生產要素相同的關鍵地位,其不僅與實體經濟深度契合,甚至成為我國重要的基礎性戰略資源。然而,少數超級平臺壟斷了大量數據資源,借助所謂的“上帝視角”,能夠獲取精準的市場情報,從而在市場競爭中占據有利地位,實現跨界競爭。超級平臺的數據壟斷不僅破壞了市場競爭的公平性,還因對數據共享結構的異變與破壞,最終弱化了其公共資源價值的實現。目前,我國學界對于平臺利用數據壟斷地位可能破壞市場競爭環境,阻礙數據共享,危害消費者權益已形成共識[1]。數據壟斷行為對基于工業經濟的反壟斷法帶來基礎理論和規制體系的挑戰,不同學者從平臺義務[2]、監管幅度[3]、監管方式[4]、監管手段[5]等角度分析數據壟斷行為的規制。但目前研究呈現“重監管輕合規”的現象。基于此,本文通過對數據壟斷危害進行檢視,探究數據壟斷合規的理論依據和現實困境,并試圖從規章制定、數據權屬明晰和合規監管三個方面形塑可行的因應對策,以期對促進平臺企業數據合規有所裨益。
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作者信息:
陳鏡霖
(西南民族大學法學院,四川成都610041)

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